The Code Talkers’ role in war required intelligence and bravery. They developed and memorized a special code. They endured some of the most dangerous battles and remained calm under fire. They served proudly, with honor and distinction. Their actions proved critical in several important campaigns, and they are credited with saving thousands of American and allies’ lives.
Major League Baseball. MLB teams have overcome 3–1 deficits 13 times (including 3–0 deficit 1 time), six of which occurred in the World Series.This does not count the 1903 World Series, in which the Boston Americans (later known as the Red Sox) came back from down 3 games to 1 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, as that series was a best-of-nine series. Cats living in the wild often fall as victims to a number of diseases and injuries. It is the job of the Clan's medicine cat to treat these conditions. Whitecough and greencough are the most common chest infections known to the Clan cats. Whitecough is the milder form, but if untreated, it can develop into the much more severe greencough. Cats usually catch it during leaf-fall and leaf-bare. Type: Group, Founded: 1985, Area: Japan. Showing official release groups by this artist. Show all release groups instead, or show various artists release groups., or show various artists release groups. Buy online, view images and see past prices for A PAIR OF LACQUERED RED AND GILT CELESTIAL WARRIORS. Invaluable is the world's largest marketplace for art, antiques, and collectibles. Dec 26, 2015.
For thousands of years, American Indian men have protected their communities and lands. “Warrior” is an English word that has come to describe them. However, their traditional roles involved more than fighting enemies. They cared for people and helped in many ways, in any time of difficulty. They would do anything to help their people survive, including laying down their own lives.
Warriors were regarded with the utmost respect in their communities. Boys trained from an early age to develop the spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical strength they would need to become warriors. Many tribes had special warrior societies, which had their own ceremonies, songs, dances, and regalia that they wore. Usually, a warrior had to prove himself before being asked to join a warrior society. It was a great honor to be chosen in this way.
Despite everything that American Indians had endured in the past, the warrior tradition—the tradition of protecting their people—called many of them to serve in the United States military. They cared about their communities and the lands on which their people had lived for thousands of years. Many of them also served out of a sense of patriotism, wanting to defend the United States. For some American Indians, the military offered economic security and an opportunity for education, training, and world travel.
More than 12,000 American Indians served in World War I—about 25 percent of the male American Indian population at that time. During World War II, when the total American Indian population was less than 350,000, an estimated 44,000 Indian men and women served.
In World War I, Choctaw and other American Indians transmitted battle messages in their tribal languages by telephone. Although not used extensively, the World War I telephone squads played a key role in helping the United States Army win several battles in France that brought about the end of the war.
Beginning in 1940, the army recruited Comanches, Choctaws, Hopis, Cherokees, and others to transmit messages. The army had special American Indian recruiters working to find Comanches in Oklahoma who would enlist.
The Marine Corps recruited Navajo Code Talkers in 1941 and 1942. Philip Johnston was a World War I veteran who had heard about the successes of the Choctaw telephone squad. Johnston, although not Indian, had grown up on the Navajo reservation. In 1942, he suggested to the Marine Corps that Navajos and other tribes could be very helpful in maintaining communications secrecy. After viewing a demonstration of messages sent in the Navajo language, the Marine Corps was so impressed that they recruited 29 Navajos in two weeks to develop a code within their language.
After the Navajo code was developed, the Marine Corps established a Code Talking school. As the war progressed, more than 400 Navajos were eventually recruited as Code Talkers. The training was intense. Following their basic training, the Code Talkers completed extensive training in communications and memorizing the code.
Some Code Talkers enlisted, others were drafted. Many of the Code Talkers who served were under age and had to lie about their age to join. Some were just 15 years old. Ultimately, there were Code Talkers from at least 16 tribes who served in the army, the marines, and the navy.
All I thought when I went in the Marine Corps was going to give me a belt of ammunition, and a rifle, a steel helmet, and a uniform. Go and shoot some of those Japanese. That’s what I thought; but later on they told us differently, you know different style, purpose of why they got us in.—Chester Nez, Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
That was about 1940, and when I got home I said, I found out they was recruiting 20 Comanches who could talk their tribe fluently for a special unit, and I told dad, “I’d like to go.”—Charles Chibitty, Comanche Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
We were drafted. They made us go. I didn’t volunteer. —Franklin Shupla, Hopi Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
Many American Indian Code Talkers in World War II used their everyday tribal languages to convey messages. A message such as, “Send more ammunition to the front,” would just be translated into the Native language and sent over the radio. These became known as Type Two Codes.
However, the Navajos, Comanches, Hopis, and Meskwakis developed and used special codes based on their languages. These became known as Type One Codes.
To develop their Type One Code, the original 29 Navajo Code Talkers first came up with a Navajo word for each letter of the English alphabet. Since they had to memorize all the words, they used things that were familiar to them, such as kinds of animals.
So we start talking about different things, animals, sea creatures, birds, eagles, hawks, and all those domestic animals. Why don’t we use those names of different animals—from A to Z. So A, we took a red ant that we live with all the time. B we took a bear, Yogi the Bear, C a Cat, D a Dog, E an Elk, F, Fox, G, a goat and so on down the line.—Chester Nez, Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
Murgee auto typer crack. Here are some of the words they used:
| Letter | Navajo word | English word |
|---|---|---|
| C | MOASI | Cat |
| D | LHA-CHA-EH | DOG |
| E | DZEH | Elk |
| I | TKIN | Ice |
| O | NE-AHS-JAH | Owl |
| R | GAH | Rabbit |
| V | A-KEH-DI-GLINI | Victor |
See if you can translate the following coded message:
MOASI NE-AHS-JAH LHA-CHA-EH DZEH GAH DZEH MOASI DZEH TKIN A-KEH-DI-GLINI DZEH LHA-CHA-EH
This is the English translation:
C-O-D-E R-E-C-E-I-V-E-D Metal drum midi files.
Here’s how the message is decoded:
MOASI (C-Cat), NE-AHS-JAH (O-Owl), LHA-CHA-EH (D-Dog), DZEH (E-Elk), GAH (R-Rabbit), DZEH (E-Elk), MOASI (C-Cat), DZEH (E-Elk), TKIN (I-Ice), A-KEH-DI-GLINI (V-Victor), DZEH (E Elk), LHA-CHA-EH (D-Dog)
The Navajos, Comanches, Hopis, and others also had to develop special words for World War II military terms, such as types of planes, ships, or weapons. They were given picture charts that showed them the items. After looking at the pictures, they came up with words that seemed to fit the pictures.
| Native word | Literal meaning | Code Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| tushka chipota (Choctaw) | warrior soldier | soldier |
| atsá (Navajo) | eagle | transport plane |
| paaki (Hopi) | houses on water | ships |
| wakaree´e (Comanche) | turtle | tank |
Well, when they first got us in there for Code Talkers, we had to work that out among our own selves so, we didn’t have a word for tank. And the one said it’s like a [Comanche words] he said, it’s just like a turtle, you know. It has a hard shell and it moves and so we called it a wakaree´e, a turtle. —Charles Chibitty, Comanche Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
On the battlefield, the work of sending coded messages was extremely serious. Being able to keep messages secret could make the difference between winning and losing a battle—or affect how many lives were saved or lost.
Code Talkers did more than speak into a hand-held radio or phone. They had to know how to operate both wire and radio equipment, and often had to carry it on their backs. They had to know how to set up and maintain the electronic communication wires, or lines. Sometimes their messages were broadcast over a wide area, helping to direct bigger operations. At other times, messages related to a smaller group, such as a platoon.
Code Talkers were given the messages in English. Without writing them down, they translated and sent them to another Code Talker. After the message was transmitted and received, it was written down in English and entered into a message logbook. The Code Talkers also sent messages in English. Messages were only coded when absolute security was needed.
The commanding officer, they give you a message that’s written. It’s just short talking about how much ammunition and certain map area that Marines are getting killed. They need more machine gun ammunition. You translate that as small as you can. —John Brown, Jr., Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
The Navajo and Hopi were assigned to service in the Pacific in the war against Japan. The Comanches fought the Germans in Europe, and the Meskwakis fought them in North Africa. Code Talkers from other tribes fought at various locations in Europe, the Pacific, North Africa, and elsewhere.
Like all soldiers, Code Talkers carry many memories of their war experiences. Some memories are easy to revisit. Others are very difficult. Some veterans do not really like to discuss these memories, while others can more comfortably recall them. They remember how fierce and dangerous some of the fighting was. Some remember when their fellow soldiers were wounded or killed. They remember the noise and the violence of war. Others recall being prisoners of war. Sometimes they have more pleasant memories of different cultures and places that they had never seen before and probably would never see again. They also remember how their American Indian spirituality was important to them during the war.
The, uh Mount Suribachi was on our left side just looming up. Here we started going over aboard the ship going down the net into a landing craft ship, a smaller ship. We took all our gear then we went down there. And we circulate round and round for awhile until they say go. When they say go, all those little bitty landing ships they go together right down to the beach. Before we hit the beach, the uh, officer on that ship he tell us to pray in your own belief. Me I just took out my corn powder as I was told by our medicine man and then pray. So, I think some of the kids join me to pray. —Sam Tso, Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
Utah Beach in Normandy was something else. Everybody asked me if I would go through it again, and I said, no, but I could train the younger ones how we used our language and let them go ahead and do it because it was hell.—Charles Chibitty, Comanche Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
A cup of hot water in the morning for coffee. A little bowl of soup at noon, then two potatoes at night. That’s what you live on. That’s what I lived on for three years.—Frank Sanache, Meskwaki Code Talker (discussing the meals provided for him as a prisoner of war), National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
We prayed to the sun, stars, whatever. It’s our way of keeping in contact with somebody. Our superior or whatever you might call him. That’s how we do it.—Franklin Shupla, Hopi, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
Carl Gorman joined the United States Marine Corps in 1942 when he learned they were recruiting Navajos. He went through all of the difficult training and was one of the original 29 Navajos who were given the secret mission of developing the Navajo code. Carl answered one of his officers who had asked why Navajos were able to memorize the complex code so quickly: “For us, everything is memory, it’s part of our heritage. We have no written language. Our songs, our prayers, our stories, they’re all handed down from grandfather to father to children—and we listen, we hear, we learn to remember everything. It’s part of our training.” (Power of a Navajo: Carl Gorman, the Man and His Life, by Henry and Georgia Greenberg,1996)
Carl served in four important Pacific battles: Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Tinian, and Saipan. In 1942, Carl was stricken by Malaria, a severe tropical disease, yet he continued to fight. In 1944, Carl was evacuated from Saipan suffering both from the effects of Malaria and shell shock. Shell shock is the psychological effects of being in extremely stressful and dangerous situations, such as combat. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite spread through the bite of a mosquito. Malaria was a common disease in the Pacific islands where much of the war against Japan was fought. He had to be hospitalized and took many months to recover.
Charles Chibitty was one of 17 Comanche men who served as Code Talkers in World War II. In 1941, when he learned that Comanches were being recruited to speak their language, he volunteered for the United States Army. Mr. Chibitty helped develop the code that the Comanches used and participated in some of the fiercest fighting of the war, including the D-Day landing in Normandy. He attained the rank of Corporal.
Well, I was afraid and if I didn’t talk to the Creator, something was wrong. Because when you’re going to go in battle, that’s the first thing you’re going to do, you’re going to talk to the Creator.—Charles Chibitty, Comanche Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004
Can you YIL-TAS, TSAH-AS-ZIH, A-KHA, NO-DA-IH, GAH, A-KHA, GLOE-IH, TSAH, HANE-AL-NEH?
That’s Navajo code for “code your own message?”
Navajo Code Talkers memorized 17 pages of code as part of their training. Imagine the pressure that was on the Code Talkers. First, they had to develop a code that the enemies would not be able to translate. Then they had to memorize it. In battle, they had to transmit their messages with the utmost care and accuracy under difficult circumstances. Their work saved lives and helped the United States achieve victories.
The Navajo Code Talkers developed their own code dictionary. This dictionary was kept secret for many years and was only made public in 1968. To find a copy of the Navajo Code Dictionary, go to the following website: https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/navajo-code-talker-dictionary.html
Coding messages
Use the Navajo Code Dictionary to code this realistic message. Copy the message in English to your workbook. Then, write the Navajo code version:
“Fierce action at forward position. Intense mortar attack. Request reinforcements immediately!”
Then, in your workbook, make up and write your own coded message to a friend.
The following is the list of teams to overcome 3–1 series deficits by winning three straight games to win a best-of-seven playoff series. In the history of major North American pro sports, teams that were down 3–1 in the series have come back and won the series 54 times; more than half of these comebacks were accomplished by National Hockey League (NHL) teams. Teams have overcame 3–1 deficit in the final/championship round eight times, with six being accomplished by Major League Baseball (MLB) teams in the World Series. Teams overcoming a 3-0 deficit by winning four straight games has been accomplished five times, four times in the NHL and once in MLB.
The Boston Red Sox of MLB and the Vancouver Canucks of NHL each overcame 3–1 deficits the most at three times, while the Washington Capitals of NHL blew 3–1 leads the most at five times, followed by the St. Louis Cardinals of MLB at four times (including twice in the World Series). Two teams have overcome 3–1 deficits multiple times in the single playoffs: the Kansas City Royals of MLB in 1985 and the Minnesota Wild of the NHL in 2003. Two teams have also overcome 3-1 deficits in a single playoffs only to have the favor returned to them: the Golden State Warriors of the NBA in 2016, and the Vancouver Canucks of the NHL in 2003.
MLB went to a best-of-seven format for the League Championship Series in 1985, the NHL followed suit for the first round in 1987 and the NBA did the same for the first round in 2003. In each of those years, a team rallied from down 3-1 in that specific round of the series to win.
MLB teams have overcome 3–1 deficits 13 times (including 3–0 deficit 1 time), six of which occurred in the World Series. This does not count the 1903 World Series, in which the Boston Americans (later known as the Red Sox) came back from down 3 games to 1 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, as that series was a best-of-nine series.
| Year and series | Overcame 1-3 deficit | Blew 3-1 lead | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1925 World Series | Pittsburgh Pirates | Washington Senators | First major North American pro sports team to overcome 3–1 deficit |
| 1958 World Series | New York Yankees | Milwaukee Braves | |
| 1968 World Series | Detroit Tigers | St. Louis Cardinals | |
| 1979 World Series | Pittsburgh Pirates | Baltimore Orioles | |
| 1985 ALCS | Kansas City Royals | Toronto Blue Jays | First year the LCS became a seven-game series. Overcame 3–1 deficit in the World Series |
| 1985 World Series | St. Louis Cardinals | Also overcame 3–1 deficit in the ALCS | |
| 1986 ALCS | Boston Red Sox | California Angels | Were one strike away from elimination in Game 5 |
| 1996 NLCS | Atlanta Braves | St. Louis Cardinals | |
| 2003 NLCS | Florida Marlins | Chicago Cubs | Steve Bartman incident in Game 6; went on to win the World Series |
| 2004 ALCS | Boston Red Sox | New York Yankees | Overcame 3–0 deficit; went on to win the World Series for first time since 1918 |
| 2007 ALCS | Cleveland Indians | Went on to win the World Series | |
| 2012 NLCS | San Francisco Giants | St. Louis Cardinals | Also overcame 2–0 deficit in the NLDS; went on to win the World Series; fourth blown 3–1 lead in franchise history |
| 2016 World Series | Chicago Cubs | Cleveland Indians | First World Series championship since 1908 |
NBA teams have overcome 3–1 deficits 12 times, only one of which occurred in the NBA Finals. The NBA is the only major North American sport with a seven game playoffs series where no team has overcome a 3–0 deficit.
| Year and series | Overcame 1-3 deficit | Blew 3-1 lead | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 Eastern Division Finals | Boston Celtics | Philadelphia 76ers | Won the NBA Finals |
| 1970 Western Division Semifinals | Los Angeles Lakers | Phoenix Suns | |
| 1979 Eastern Conference Finals | Washington Bullets | San Antonio Spurs | |
| 1981 Eastern Conference Finals | Boston Celtics | Philadelphia 76ers | Won the NBA Finals |
| 1995 Western Conference Semifinals | Houston Rockets | Phoenix Suns | Won the NBA Finals. First time a team won 2 away games from the 1-3 deficit. |
| 1997 Eastern Conference Semifinals | Miami Heat | New York Knicks | A players fight in Game 5 resulted in the suspension of several key Knicks players, including Ewing, Houston, and Ward for Game 6, and Starks and Larry Johnson for Game 7 in Miami. |
| 2003 Eastern Conference First Round | Detroit Pistons | Orlando Magic | First year the first round expanded to a best-of-seven series |
| 2006 Western Conference First Round | Phoenix Suns | Los Angeles Lakers | |
| 2015 Western Conference Semifinals | Houston Rockets | Los Angeles Clippers | The Clippers blew a 19 point lead and were out scored 40-15 in the 4th quarter of Game 6 |
| 2016 Western Conference Finals | Golden State Warriors | Oklahoma City Thunder | Golden State later blew a 3–1 lead in the finals |
| 2016 NBA Finals | Cleveland Cavaliers | Golden State Warriors | The first time a 3–1 deficit has been overcome in the NBA Finals; The Warriors also had the NBA's best-ever regular season record of 73–9 and were considered heavy favorites to win the title; second time a team won 2 away games from the 1-3 deficit |
| 2020 Western Conference First Round | Denver Nuggets | Utah Jazz | All games played inside the 2020 NBA Bubble |
NHL teams have overcome 3–1 deficits 29 times (including 3–0 deficits 4 times), only one of which occurred in the Stanley Cup Finals. 6 times the feat was accomplished by the team who eventually won the Stanley Cup the same year.
| Year and series | Overcame 1-3 deficit | Blew 3-1 lead | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1942 Stanley Cup Finals | Toronto Maple Leafs | Detroit Red Wings | Only time in the Stanley Cup Finals; overcame 3–0 deficit |
| 1975 Stanley Cup Quarterfinals | New York Islanders | Pittsburgh Penguins | Overcame 3–0 deficit; won 8 games while facing elimination |
| 1987 Division Semifinals | Washington Capitals | First year the opening round was a seven-game series; game 7 was the Easter Epic | |
| 1987 Division Finals | Detroit Red Wings | Toronto Maple Leafs | Trailed 2–0 in the series before coming back to win the series |
| 1988 Division Semifinals | Washington Capitals | Philadelphia Flyers | |
| 1989 Division Semifinals | Los Angeles Kings | Edmonton Oilers | |
| 1990 Division Semifinals | Edmonton Oilers | Winnipeg Jets | Went on to win the Stanley Cup Finals |
| 1991 Division Semifinals | St. Louis Blues | Detroit Red Wings | |
| 1992 Division Semifinals | Pittsburgh Penguins | Washington Capitals | Trailed 2–0 in the series before rallying to win the series and eventually the Stanley Cup |
| Detroit Red Wings | Minnesota North Stars | Trailed 2–0 in the series before rallying to win the series | |
| Vancouver Canucks | Winnipeg Jets | ||
| 1994 Conference Quarterfinals | Vancouver Canucks | Calgary Flames | The final three games all required overtime (Game 7 needed 2OT) |
| 1995 Conference Quarterfinals | Pittsburgh Penguins | Washington Capitals | |
| 1998 Conference Quarterfinals | Edmonton Oilers | Colorado Avalanche | |
| 1999 Conference Quarterfinals | St. Louis Blues | Phoenix Coyotes | Third blown 3-1 lead in franchise history; team relocated from Winnipeg in 1996 |
| 2000 Conference Finals | New Jersey Devils | Philadelphia Flyers | Won the Stanley Cup Finals |
| 2003 Conference Quarterfinals | Minnesota Wild | Colorado Avalanche | Overcame 3–1 deficit in the Conference Semifinals |
| Vancouver Canucks | St. Louis Blues | ||
| 2003 Conference Semifinals | Minnesota Wild | Vancouver Canucks | Both teams overcame 3–1 deficits in the Conference Quarterfinals |
| 2004 Conference Quarterfinals | Montreal Canadiens | Boston Bruins | Trailed 2–0 in the series before rallying to win the series |
| 2009 Conference Quarterfinals | Washington Capitals | New York Rangers | |
| 2010 Conference Quarterfinals | Montreal Canadiens | Washington Capitals | |
| 2010 Conference Semifinals | Philadelphia Flyers | Boston Bruins | Overcame 3–0 deficit |
| 2011 Conference Quarterfinals | Tampa Bay Lightning | Pittsburgh Penguins | |
| 2013 Conference Semifinals | Chicago Blackhawks | Detroit Red Wings | Won the Stanley Cup Finals |
| 2014 First Round | Los Angeles Kings | San Jose Sharks | Overcame 3–0 deficit; went on to win the Stanley Cup Finals |
| 2014 Second Round | New York Rangers | Pittsburgh Penguins | |
| 2015 Second Round | Washington Capitals | Fifth blown 3–1 lead in franchise history | |
| 2019 First Round | San Jose Sharks | Vegas Golden Knights |
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